In Panderichthids (rhipidistian fish ancestors of amphibians), 2 sets of ossifications are present in the centra region. At posterior end, below the neural arch, are pleurocentra. This element gave ...

The lumbar vertebrae are the largest movable bones of the backbone. Their large size and bone strength is necessary because these vertebrae support more weight than the upper two segments of the ...

Differences in numbers of vertebrae are most extreme in mammals which do not rely on running and leaping, such as those adapted to suspensory locomotion like apes and sloths, a team of anthropologists ...

From the advent of new innovations to shifting care models, healthcare leaders reflect on what words and trends will define the spine surgery field in 2026. The 22 leaders featured in this article are ...