This file type includes high resolution graphics and schematics when applicable. The images above are simple cross sections of a typical spool valve (left) and a poppet valve (right). (Courtesy of ...

Every aspect of an engine is a compromise: torque for horsepower, efficiency for emissions, performance for fuel economy, compression for octane tolerance. During the evolution of the internal ...

Major and minor valve seat diameters are most easily checked for consistency with a pair of dividers during seat grinding operation. This assures proper seat width. The answer to the question posed by ...

Directional-control valves are vital in any pneumatic circuit, directing or blocking airflow to control the speed or sequence of operations. One method of classifying directional-control valves is by ...