The distribution of outermost shell electrons, known as valence electrons, of organic molecules was observed for the first time. As the interactions between atoms are governed by the valence electrons ...
Valence electrons, located in the outermost shell of an atom, play an important role in driving chemical reactions and forming bonds with other atoms. Subscribe to our newsletter for the latest ...
During chemical reactions, atoms in the reacting substances break their bonds and re-arrange, forming different chemical ...
Three studies have demonstrated the cooling and trapping of single strontium and ytterbium atoms in two-dimensional arrays. Such arrays could lead to advances in atomic-clock technology and in quantum ...