The ionospheric D-region, spanning approximately 60–95 km above Earth’s surface, is a dynamic boundary where complex photochemical processes influence radio wave propagation. Solar flares, through ...

A powerful solar flare erupted from the sun on November 14, 2025, causing radio blackouts across parts of Africa. This X4-class flare, the second-strongest of the year, originated from a highly active ...

The sun is not a static, tranquil sphere of gas, but an active, turbulent star with magnetic fields that twist and snap in powerful eruptions. Among the most striking and energetic of these eruptions ...

The Sun has just unleashed an M5-class solar flare, a powerful burst of radiation that signals a clear uptick in solar activity as the current cycle heads toward its peak. While this event is not the ...