The Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) provides a quantitative means of characterising how light is reflected from a surface. It is defined as the ratio of radiance scattered by ...

An established tool for the authentication and conservation of fine art paintings, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) typically requires the removal of small sample sections for analysis.

Precision farming, which relies on spatially heterogeneous application of fertilizers, biologically active compounds, pesticides, etc., is one of the leading trends in modern agricultural science. A ...