Michael Gao, the co-founder of California-based start-up Fabric Cryptography, makes a bold claim. “We’re going to do for cryptography what Nvidia has done for artificial intelligence (AI),” he says.

An end-to-end strategy must factor in all the ways the data can be input and output, as well as how it’s stored Here’s a sobering prediction: One-third of all adults in the United States will have ...