Fluoroscopy-free RIRS is successful in some cases, but fluoroscopy should remain available for unexpected intraoperative challenges. In a randomized controlled trial, a fluoroscopy-free technique for ...
Radiation dose area product fell from 318.4 to 6.4 cGy/cm2 over the study period. A novel, ultra-low X-ray protocol can reduce fluoroscopy use and ionizing radiation exposure during ureteroscopy (URS) ...
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