Many sensors have a small analog signal that rides on top of a larger dc pedestal. For these circuits (Fig. 1), the signal must be ac coupled and amplified before it’s digitized. The feedback of an ...

In order for the solenoid point motor to throw the point we need to apply current briefly to an electromagnetic coil. A capacitor discharge unit greatly improves reliability in that it builds up and ...

Our fundamental passive and inherently analog components—resistors, capacitors, and inductors—are so conceptually simple and easy to describe that we often don’t fully articulate or appreciate the ...