The initial magnitude scale was established by Greek astronomer Hipparchus around 135 B.C.E., categorizing approximately 850 stars into six ranges from 1st (brightest) to 6th (faintest) magnitude.

Cepheid variables are a type of star that undergo regular pulsations. The length of a Cepheid’s pulsations is always related to its intrinsic, or absolute, brightness in a simple way: The longer its ...